理解·转换·调整

——第六届“《英语世界》杯”翻译大赛参赛译文评析

文/曹明伦

本届大赛参赛人数又创新高，达到6179人。优秀译文的数量也随之大增，这令组织者和评阅者既感欣慰又抱歉忱，因为有许多优秀译文难入获奖名单。唯愿参赛者都明白一个道理：获奖译文肯定是参赛译文中的优秀译文，但优秀的译文未必都能获奖，正如诺贝尔文学奖获得者必定是伟大作家，但并非伟大的作家都能获得该奖。另外还希望大家明白，获奖固然可喜可贺，但参赛的真正价值还在于通过参赛使自己的翻译能力得到提升。

为大赛提供参考译文，于我已是第6个年头。我每年都是在大赛截稿日之前提交拙译，供初评老师参考并审查，所以从某种意义上说，参考译文也是一份参赛译文。鉴于此，今年的评析就调整一下角度，结合大家的参赛译文来评析参考译文，谈谈我翻译这篇散文时的一些思考，或者说向参赛者汇报参考译文的翻译过程。

有教科书把翻译过程分为两个步骤，即理解和表达^【1】，而根据我自己的经验，我认为翻译过程往往还会有第三个步骤，即调整，所以我把翻译过程分为理解、转换、调整三个步骤，多年来上笔译课也主要是用实例讲解如何理解、如何转换、必要时如何调整。三步骤之分应该说符合翻译的实际情况。上世纪末期，由30名美国顶尖学者组成的《新修订版标准译本圣经》（New Revised Standard Version of Holy Bible, 1989）译委会曾提出“尽可能直译，必要时才意译”（as literal as possible, only as free as necessary^【2】）这个翻译原则。“尽可能直译”（尽可能直接转换）说明翻译有时可在两个步骤内完成，如参考译文将“I do not know what became of her, and I never learned her name.”直接转换成“我并不知晓她当时的境遇，也从未听说过她的姓名。”。“必要时才意译”（必要时才调整）则说明翻译有时的确需要进入第三个步骤，如参考译文把“A young family is moving into that house.”翻译成“一对年轻夫妻正带着孩子搬进那幢房子。”；而较之原文，参考译文第12段末句之用词和意象均有调整。需要说明的是，对许多有经验的译者来说，理解、转换和调整并非截然分开的三个步骤，有时理解中就包含了转换，而有些调整则是在转换的同时即已完成。

是直接转换还是有所调整，这取决于译者对原文的理解、译者的审美倾向和文章风格，以及译者对译文读者阅读审美习惯的判断。我很可能同许多参赛者一样，也是先从宏观上理解原文，即先把原文从头至尾细读几遍，体会原文的主题要旨，同时会忍不住去了解一下是何人写出如此美文。我这番宏观理解获得的印象是：本届大赛原文是一篇叙事为主、兼抒情怀的散文。作者是一位在哲学和园艺学方面都颇有造诣的资深学者、作家及翻译家。原文朴素而不失清新，优美而不乏深沉，描景状物颇为细腻，视觉形象非常鲜明，起承转合极其自然，抒怀感叹与景交融，使读者似乎也从那座跃然纸上的花园窥见了作者那位不知名的女邻居，并从花园的盛衰和花木的枯荣感悟人生自然。但我此时获得的印象还只是朦朦胧胧的基调，或者说是这篇散文隐隐约约的旋律。要把这篇英语散文变成能与之相对应的中文版，接下来就得为这段旋律“填词”，即从微观上理解原文——深究其遣词造句，细品其文法文风，探悉其精理微言，并考证某些物名之实。对我而言，这番微观理解一方面可明确原文首段那两句话中的主句和从句为何用不同时态，perennial border、rugosa rose和wooden flats到底是何所指等具体问题，另一方面则能使在宏观理解时获得的朦胧基调变得确定，隐约旋律变得清晰，从而知道“优美而不乏深沉”的底蕴从何而来。

以原文第12段末句为例，有人将句中的“... are fragile things, creatures of time, hostages to chance and to decay”直译成“是脆弱之物，时间的傀儡、命运与衰亡的人质”或“是脆而不坚的东西，时间的产物、机会和衰败的抵押品”，也有人将其意译成“都是不堪一击的，是有始有终的生命体，都是要面临兴衰成败的”或“是脆弱的生灵，受着时间的摆布，若是机缘不巧，只好花自飘零人自去”^【3】。我认为，这些译者虽理解了原文的字词意义，却没有把握住应和这些字词的韵调。我之所以这样认为，除了我自己对原文本身的理解之外，还因为我知道作者艾伦·莱西不仅是一位园艺家，还是一名哲学教授；他对西班牙哲学家乌纳穆诺颇有研究，深受乌纳穆诺哲学思想的影响。碰巧的是，乌纳穆诺那本《生命的悲剧意识》是我经常翻阅并不时在课堂上提及的一本书，因此我不仅记得“哲学更接近于诗，而不是更接近于科学”^【4】这句名言，甚至还能发现该书英文版中有句话与参赛原文第12段末句异曲同工，甚至刚好也用了fragile、creatures、time等字眼（of all creatures... what becomes of Me, of this poor fragile I, this I that is the slave of time and space）^【5】。由此可见，乌纳穆诺对莱西教授的影响还体现在语言文字方面，而我早年读《生命的悲剧意识》时，就隐隐觉得书中既有“草木无情，有时飘零”之悲怀，亦有“况修短随化，终期于尽”之豁达，所以我觉得，既然莱西教授像欧阳修和王羲之那样借景抒情，表达对生死无常的感慨，那么这番感叹的中文版也可以效仿几分《秋声赋》和《兰亭序》的韵调，于是便有了参考译文：“然而，她那座花园总让我想到物盛必衰，想到种花人及其营造的花园都像春草秋花，乃时间之造物，由时运摆弄，易衰朽飘零。”

有参赛者把perennial border翻译成“长青植物组成的树篱”或“多年生植物组成的边界”，或者把wooden flats翻译成“木台”“木板”，甚至“扁平的木质物件”。对此评委老师都知其缘由，表面上看，这是因为这些参赛者手边没有堪用的英汉词典，但真令人担忧的原因是，许多青年译者尚未认识到“工欲善其事，必先利其器”之必要性。以我任教的学校为例，尽管我一再告诫学生，仅凭手机查单词学不好翻译，可愿意携词典来上翻译课的学生仍越来越少。其实对上述物名，认真查阅词典通常都能解决问题。拿perennial border来说，欲知其所指，首先得明确border到底指什么，在《韦氏第三版新国际英语大词典》（Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of English Language, 1976）中，border名词词条第3义项的解释是“a strip of planted ground or of plants along or around the edge of a garden”；在《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, 7th ed.）中，border名词词条第3义项的释义是“（in a garden花园）a strip of soil which is planted with flowers along the edge of the grass（草坪边等的）狭长花坛”，释义后还指示参见所附彩图第24页；在陆谷孙教授主编的《英汉大词典》中，border名词词条第3义项的释义是“（沿花园、人行道等边缘设置的）狭长花坛，狭长的绿化带”，而且该义项还附有a perennial border这个词条的释义和译例，其释义为“栽种多年生植物的狭长花坛”。由此可见，perennial border中的border既非“树篱”，亦非“边界”，而是“狭长的花坛（花床、花台）”。若进一步查阅包括Home Garden Journal^【6】在内的相关资料，我们还可得知，虽说perennial border的字面意思是“栽种多年生植物的狭长花坛”，而且英美人也一直用perennial border来指花园草坪边的带状花坛，但这种花坛早已不局限于栽种多年生花卉，而通常还会间种些一年生和二年生花卉（but in addition utilizes groups of annuals and biennials）。换言之，perennial border这个能指中的perennial很多时候已失去了其字面意思。当然，我们仍然可以把perennial border翻译成“栽种多年生植物的狭长的花坛（花台、花床）”，不过我认为，在一篇讲究行文格调和音韵节奏的散文中，翻译成“条形花坛（花床、花台）”或“带状花坛（花床、花台）”更为适宜。另外，正确理解了perennial border，你就会发现这个perennial border就是原文下文中三次出现的flower bed。

当然，对某些物名的翻译，单凭查阅词典还不能解决问题，譬如原文第6段第3句中的rugosa rose，一般词典都没收录，而收有这个词条的《英汉大词典》又只将其解释为“【植】玫瑰”，但在我们翻译的这篇散文中，用“玫瑰”与“红白玫瑰”“包心玫瑰”和“大马士革玫瑰”并列，显然不甚得体，有属种不辨之嫌，因为据原文语境，rugosa rose肯定也是玫瑰的某个品种。《韦氏第三版新国际英语大词典》说rugosa rose原产于日本，但我对此存疑，我经常提醒学生记住奈达的一句话：“对于译者，百科全书往往比词典有用得多。”^【7】据我查阅的各种百科资料，我确信rugosa rose原产于中国东北地区，后传入朝鲜、日本等地，韩语称其为해당화（haedanghwa），日语称其为ハマナシ（hamanasu），而此花的韩语汉字名“海棠花”（字面意思是flowers near seashore）和日语汉字名“滨梨”（字面意思是shore pear）也都暗示了此花是从中国经海上传入当地的。北美于19世纪中期从日本以拉丁学名Rosa rugosa引入此花，于是便有了rugosa rose这个英语名。然而，想必也有些参赛者和我一样，考证之后终于明确了rugosa rose之所指，但仍然觉得难以将其转换成得体的中文，甚至会像严复当年那样感叹“索之中文，渺不可得，既有牵合，终嫌参差”^【8】。的确，我们今天能一见science就想到科学，一见economy就想到经济，殊不知仅仅一百多年前，严复面对一个introduction就在“卮言、悬谈、悬疏”之间旬月踟蹰，最后才翻译成“导言”。我们今天能有词典可查，实乃前辈万千次“旬月踟蹰”的积累，但前辈的积累不可能无所不包，而且事物在不断变化，认识在不断发展，概念也在随之而更新。所以遇到rugosa rose这种在汉语中尚无定名的事物，译者只能效法前辈译家“自具衡量，即义定名”^【9】。据我手边的《拉英词典》（Cassell’s Latin-English Dictionary, 1987）， 拉丁语形容词rugosa（rugosus, rugosum）的意思是wrinkled；英文中有源自拉丁词rugosa的形容词rugose，意为“有皱纹的, 多皱纹的”；《大英百科全书》中介绍的一类珊瑚名为Rugosa（Rugosa corals），《简明不列颠百科全书》（中国大百科全书出版社1986年版）将其翻译成“皱壁珊瑚”。综合以上考证并反复衡量，我最后把rugosa rose定名为“东亚皱瓣玫瑰”，于是便有了参考译文：“她钟爱旧时流行的品种——红白玫瑰、包心玫瑰、大马士革玫瑰，以及数种东亚皱瓣玫瑰。”在此说明一下，评委会在初评前就决定“不要求参赛译文的译名都这样统一，只要得体即可”。实际上，只要译文体现出了rugosa rose是玫瑰的一类，不管是翻译成“东亚玫瑰”“皱叶玫瑰”“日本（野）玫瑰”，还是翻译成“原产自中国不同品种的玫瑰”，我评阅时都有适当加分。

有一千个译者就有一千个哈姆莱特，对这句话我可能比许多人都体会得更深刻，因为教了30年英汉翻译，批阅过的作业和试卷至少也近万份，但我还从没见过两篇一模一样的译文。就拿这次入围百篇译文的篇名来说，100个译者译出的篇名就有51种，从尚质的《一个欢迎陌生人的花园》到好文的《芳园不拒陌客》，我相信每个译者都认为自己译出的哈姆莱特最像哈姆莱特。我也认为这些译名大多都像哈姆莱特，因为这些不同的译文中都包含了捷克翻译学者波波维奇所说的原文的“不变内核”（invariant core），英国学者巴斯内特谈到“不变内核”时说：“转换之差异或译文之不同，均在于那些不会改变核心意义但却能影响表达形式的变化”^【10】，而我历来认为，这种“转换之差异或译文之不同”必然会产生，因为每个译者的文学修养、语言水平、审美习惯、鉴赏水平和翻译理念都不尽相同。其实我一见A Garden That Welcomes Strangers，脑子里首先想到的也是《一座欢迎陌生人的花园》，后来调整为《一座向陌生人敞开的花园》，是因为我觉得后者更能表现作者所关注的人类个体与整体的关系（篇末一个新家庭搬进那幢老屋，就令我联想到《旧约·传道书》第1章第4节“一代过去，一代又来，地却永远长存”）。同时我认为，A Garden That Welcomes Strangers这个篇名的“内核”是“Welcomes Strangers”，所以我觉得《祂的花园》《爱的花园》和《一个迎接未知的花园》等篇名值得商榷。

再简单谈谈我对tall grass（第9段）和A young family（第13段）的转换和调整。我开始也把tall grass译成“高高的野草”，但随后就意识到，此处的tall grass还不是花园长期荒废后的“蓬蓬荒草”（第12段），只是草坪刚开始无人修剪时长高的草，所以觉得此处译“野草”不妥，但译“高高的草”过质，译“萋萋芳草”太文，最后想到借用徐霞客笔下的“丰草芃芃”，于是便有了参考译文“芃芃丰草侵入……”。和许多参赛者一样，我看到A young family也想到“一个年轻的家庭”，但考虑到中国人把新婚燕尔的小两口（a young couple）也称为年轻家庭，而英语中的a young family不等于 a young couple，前者专指 a young couple with their child or children，所以便有了参考译文“一对年轻夫妻正带着孩子搬进那幢房子”。

最后我建议参赛者先把自己的译文朗读一遍，然后再朗读一遍参考译文（对比语气之轻重、节奏之张弛、语言之清浊、措辞之分寸），这样也许能从中领会到仅靠默读难以领会到的东西。当然，参考译文仅供参考，参赛者从中获得的不可能只是启发，还应该有经验教训。毕竟就像傅雷先生所说：“即使是最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。”^【11】 □

注释：

【1】 参见郭著章等编《英汉互译实用教程》（第四版），武汉大学出版社，2010年版，第59页。

【2】 参见http://www.ncccusa.org/newbtu/aboutnrs.html。

【3】 本文所举译例均引自入围最终评审的100篇参赛译稿。

【4】 Miguel De Unamuno. The Tragic Sense of Life, Eng. trans. by J. E. Crawford Flitch. Dover: Dover Publications, Inc. 1954, p. 15.

【5】 The Tragic Sense of Life, p. 123.

【6】 参见http://www.homegarden-journal.com/。

【7】 Eugene A. Nida. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: SFLE Press, 2001, p. 286.

【8】 参见严复《天演论·译例言》，载《翻译论集》，商务印书馆，1984年版，第137页。   

【9】 同上。

【10】 Susan Bassnett. Translation Studies (3rd Edition). Shanghai: SFLE Press, 2010, p. 33.

【11】 参见傅雷《〈高老头〉重译本序》，载《翻译论集》，商务印书馆，1984年版，第559页。

欢迎陌生人的花园

文/〔美〕艾伦·莱西¹

译/姚强

我不清楚她境况如何，也从不知她姓甚名谁。但几十年来她精心呵护的这座花园让我感觉和她已是知交。

她的房子离我家有两英里，是一栋简简单单的两层小楼，外形四四方方，屋顶陡斜²，朴实无华，正是典型的十九世纪中期新泽西海岸附近的建筑风格。

她的花园也同样简单。她并非那种死板的园丁，凡事照搬园艺书，墨守陈规，只求花卉种类繁多，从春天的第一朵番红花到秋天的最后一朵菊花，总有应季的花卉开放。还有人认为在多年生草本花境³中，应让高者居后，矮者居前，不高不低者居于中，若是为了错落有致，引人注目，偶尔也可变换顺序，可她对此却不屑一顾。

在她的园中，所有的花卉都引人注目，所有的花卉都个头高挑。显而易见，她只对三种花情有独钟：玫瑰，铁线莲和百合花。三者虽随意混杂，却颇为赏心悦目，仿佛浑然天成。

她种了十几种铁线莲，共约50余株。这些铁线莲被牵绕在金属栅栏上，攀缘而上。整个夏季，每根栏杆的顶端都会开满大朵的铁线莲，五颜六色，花团锦簇，或暗紫，或深红，或淡紫，或浅蓝，或亮白，不时更替。

她偏爱古典玫瑰。在园内寻不到一株现代的杂交茶香月季或丰花月季，相反，她更青睐古老的玫瑰品种，比如白蕊红玫瑰⁴，包心玫瑰⁵，大马士革玫瑰等。她自己动手培育玫瑰花，将花枝剪下，直接插入土中，再把加仑壶倒扣在枝条上加以保护。

而我相信她的最爱其实是百合花。因为花圃中随处可见木质的育苗箱，里面密密地种植着深绿色的百合花幼苗，除了一些圣母百合之外，很难辨认出其余的幼苗是哪些品种。偶尔会有幼苗的种荚上系着纸签，记录着杂交的日期和过程，随风飘动，这说明她还是个业余的杂交育种者，对带有香瓜色暖色调和浅柠檬黄色的百合花情有独钟。

她乐于与他人共享花园。在园外的人行道旁有一块牌子，上面写着：“欢迎光临敝园。美景可尽情观赏，却切勿拈花摘叶。”

五年之前，她的花园还打理的井井有条，草坪肥料充足，平平整整，花圃里没有杂草，高挑的百合花被细心地用木桩支撑。但接下来就发生了变故，我并不了解实情，但草坪没有以往修剪的那么勤快，后来就干脆无人照看了。玫瑰、铁线莲和百合花的领地变得野草丛生。前院的榆树生了病，最终枯死。沿海的飓风袭来时，吹落了一地枯枝，却再也无人清理。

年复一年，花园荒废的更加厉害。野生的金银花和南蛇藤在园内肆意生长。漆树，臭椿，毒葛和其它不请自来的植物让所剩无几但还在苦苦求生的百合花，铁线莲和玫瑰的处境变得更加岌岌可危。

到了去年，房子也人去楼空。前门紧锁，窗户也被几块胶合板封住。园外邀请陌生人来游园的牌子不知所踪，取而代之的是“此房出售”的标牌，一直挂了好几个月。

我几乎每天都要驾车经过那座房子，也曾想过要在后备箱里放把铁锨，将车停在她家路边，然后进入花园，救出几株被茂密的野草闷的喘不过来气的百合花。但法律禁止侵入私人住宅，而且她的房子对面恰好是警察局，这让我心生怯意，只得打了退堂鼓。但她的花园让我想到死亡；园丁和他们培育的花园都很脆弱，受着时间的摆布，若是机缘不巧，只好花自飘零人自去。

上周，房前悬挂的售房告示被摘去，窗户上钉的板子也被卸下。来了一群油漆工人，还有人伐倒了枯死的榆树。今天早上，一辆搬家货车停在房前的私人车道上，卸下了一套秋千，一套烧烤架，一架大钢琴，和一大堆实用的家具，足够装满整个屋子。一个年轻的家庭正在迁入这所房子。

我希望这家人中能有位园丁，她对古典玫瑰，铁线莲和百合花情有独钟，可以抛开其它所有琐事，先去整修花圃，直到它重新焕发几分昔日的光彩。□

（选自《范文：短文读本》玛丽·卢·康林著，霍顿米夫林出版公司，1983）

注释：

1.艾伦·莱西于1935年生于美国达拉斯，精通园艺，曾先后任《华尔街日报》和《纽约时报》的园艺专栏作家，出版过多部和园艺相关的文集。此外，他还担任过新泽西州斯托克顿学院的哲学教授及荣誉教授。本文后来被教育专家玛丽·卢·康林（Mary Lou Conlin）编入《范文：短文读本》（Patterns: A Short Prose Reader）一书。该书专为指导美国大学低年级学生写作而编写，于1983年由霍顿米夫林（Houghton Mifflin）公司出版。

2.在建筑学中，排水坡度一般大于10%的屋顶叫做斜屋顶或坡屋顶（pitched roof）。其形式和坡度主要取决于建筑平面、结构形式、屋面材料、气候环境、风俗习惯和建筑造型等因素。   

3.花境（Flower border）起源于英国古老而传统的私人别墅花园，是模拟自然界中林缘地带各种野生花卉交错生长的状态，以宿根花卉、球根花卉及一二年生花卉为主，栽植在树丛、绿篱、栏杆、绿地边缘、道路两旁及建筑物前，经过艺术提炼而设计成宽窄不一的曲线式或直线式的自然式花带，表现花卉自然散布生长的景观。各种花卉高低错落排列、层次丰富，既表现了植物个体生长的自然美，又展示了植物自然组合的群体美，本文中的花境即由多年生草本植物组成。

4.此花名字源自历史上著名的“玫瑰战争”（War of the Roses，1455年-1485年），是约克家族（House of York）和兰开斯特家族（House of Lancaster）的支持者为了争夺英格兰王位而断续发生的内战。两大家族都是金雀花王朝王室的分支，为英王爱德华三世的后裔。约克家族选择白玫瑰作为族徽，而兰开斯特家族的族徽为红玫瑰。战争最终以兰开斯特家族的亨利七世与约克的伊丽莎白联姻而结束，为了纪念这次战争，英格兰将玫瑰做为国花，并把皇室徽章改为白蕊红玫瑰。   

5.因其花型酷似西洋包心菜，故得名包心玫瑰；属于园林玫瑰，为普罗旺斯玫瑰的变种。

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Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,

Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;

Conspiring with him how to load and bless

With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run;

To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees,

And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;

To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells

With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,

And still more, later flowers for the bees,

Until they think warm days will never cease,

For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells.

Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?

Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find

Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,

Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;

Or on a half-reap'd furrow sound asleep,

Drows’d with the fume of poppies, while thy hook

Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers:

And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep

Steady thy laden head across a brook;

Or by a cider-press, with patient look,

Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours.

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?

Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,—

While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,

And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;

Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn

Among the river sallows, borne aloft

Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;

And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;

Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft

The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft;

And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.

***********************************************

秋 颂

各式各样的“效应”

 （选自《英语世界》2015年第11期）

文/王逢鑫

“效应”的原义是“物理的或化学的作用所产生的效果”，也可泛指“某个人物的言行或某种事物的发生和发展在社会上所引起的反应或效果”。英语的对应词是effect。自然界和人间社会存在各式各样的效应。其中“温室效应”（greenhouse effect）是我们最常见的一种大气保温效应，与地球变暖（global warming）有关。例如：

1. The term “greenhouse effect” has two common meanings. There is a natural greenhouse effect that keeps the Earth’s climate warm and habitable. There is also a man-made greenhouse effect, which is the enhancement of Earth’s natural greenhouse effect by the addition of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels (mainly petroleum, coal, and natural gas). “温室效应”这个词有两个基本意思：一个是使地球气候保持温暖和适宜居住的自然温室效应；另一个是人为温室效应，即由于燃烧化石燃料（主要是石油、煤和天然气）造成温室气体增多而导致的地球自然温室效应增强。

2. Earth’s natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life. But human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have intensified the natural greenhouse effect, causing global warming. 地球的自然温室效应对维持生命是至关紧要的，但是人类活动，主要是燃烧化石燃料和砍伐森林，已加剧了这种自然温室效应，引起全球变暖。

与我们生存环境密切相关的另一种自然效应是“城市热岛效应”（urban heat island effect）。例如：

3. Temperatures are often a few degrees higher in cities than they are in their surrounding rural areas. This temperature discrepancy is the result of a bizarre phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect. As the name implies, the effect turns cities into islands of heat. 城市温度常常比周围农村高出几度。这种温差是一种叫做“城市热岛效应”的奇异现象造成的。正如其名所示，这种效应使城市变成热岛。

4. According to the latest statistics from the China Meteorological Administration, about one-fourth of the temperature rise caused by climate warming can be blamed on the urban heat island effect. This effect is adding to our woes. 根据中国气象局的最新统计，在气候变暖引起的气温上升中，大约有1/4是城市热岛效应造成的。这种热岛效应正在给我们增添麻烦。

美国数学与气象学家爱德华·诺顿·罗伦兹（Edward Norton Lorenz）发现的“蝴蝶效应”（butterfly effect）也与自然气象有关。例如：

5. A few occasional flaps of the wings of a butterfly in a South American tropical rain forest in the Amazon Basin may cause a tornado in Texas, the United States two weeks later. This is because the movement of the wings of the butterfly will bring about changes in the air system around it, and also cause weak air flow, which will lead to relevant changes in the air and other systems around it. This will cause a series of chain reactions, and eventually lead to significant changes in other systems. 亚马孙盆地的南美热带雨林中的一只蝴蝶，偶尔扇动了几下翅膀，两周后在美国得克萨斯州可能引起一场龙卷风。这是因为蝴蝶翅膀的运动会导致其身边的空气系统发生变化，并产生微弱气流，而微弱气流又会引起它四周空气或其他系统产生相应的变化，由此引起一系列连锁反应，最终导致其他系统的极大变化。

“蝴蝶效应”作为一种自然现象，也出现在文艺作品中。美国歌手戴维·赫尔南德斯（David Hernandez）的The Butterfly Effect 一诗开头有这样的诗句

6. If a butterfly flapping its wings in Beijing

   could cause a hurricane off the coast of Florida,

   so could a deck of cards shuffled at a picnic.

   假如北京的一只蝴蝶扇动双翅

   能让佛罗里达海岸外刮起一场飓风，

   野餐时洗一副纸牌也能掀起飓风。

“鲶鱼效应”（catfish effect）是以动物行为产生的效应，比喻社会竞争现象。例如：

7. In Norway, live sardines are several times more expensive than frozen ones, and are valued for better texture and flavor. It was said that only one ship could bring live sardine home, and the shipmaster kept his method a secret. After he died, people found that there was one catfish in his tank. The catfish keeps swimming, and the sardines try to avoid this predator. This increased level of activity keeps the sardines active instead of becoming sedentary. 在挪威，鲜活的沙丁鱼比冰冻的贵好几倍，而且因其更好的口感和质地受人青睐。据说，以前仅有一条船能把鲜活的沙丁鱼运回家来，但是那位船长将他的方法保密。他去世后，人们发现他的贮水箱里有一条活鲶鱼。这条鲶鱼一直游来游去，而那些沙丁鱼则试图躲开食肉的鲶鱼。活动量增加使得沙丁鱼活跃，而不是变得不爱游动。

“鲶鱼效应”指的是鼓励竞争，常用于人力资源管理。例如：

8. Catfish effect is a term used in human resource management to describe how groups are motivated by the addition of a strong competitor. Actions for actively applying the catfish effect in an organization are called catfish management. This is a method used to motivate a team so that each member feels strong competition, thus keeping up the competitiveness of the whole team. “鲶鱼效应”是一个用于人力资源管理的术语，描述群体如何因增加有力的竞争对手而受到激励。在一个组织内积极应用鲶鱼效应而做出的行动，被称作“鲶鱼式”管理。这是一种用于激励团队的方法，使每位成员感到激烈的竞争，从而保持整个团队的竞争力。

“名人效应”（celebrity effect）是现在常见的一种社会现象。例如：

9. Celebrity effect means using a famous person’s image to sell products or services by focusing on the person’s money, popularity or fame. “名人效应”是通过聚焦名人的财富、知名度或声誉来利用名人形象销售产品或服务。

10. Although many brand managers favour the use of celebrities in advertisements, others worry that celebrities may overshadow their brands. So celebrity effect can be positive or negative. 许多品牌经理喜爱在广告中利用名人，另一些人则担忧名人会给他们的品牌蒙上阴影。因此名人效应可能是正面的，也可能是负面的。

“光环效应”与名人相关，也是常见的一种社会现象。例如：

11. The halo effect of celebrities gives people a cloak of generalized trustworthiness which extends well-beyond their industry or expertise. The halo effect works both in positive and negative directions. 名人“光环效应”给人们一层对笼统的可信赖性的模糊认识，大大超越了名人的勤奋与学识。“光环”效在正面和负面双向产生作用。

“马太效应”属于社会学领域，与人的声誉和地位相关。例如：

12. In sociology, the Matthew effect is the phenomenon where “the rich get richer and the poor get poorer”. In both its original and typical usage it is meant metaphorically to refer to issues of fame or status, but it may also be used literally to refer to cumulative advantage of economic capital. 在社会学中，“马太效应”指“富人越富，穷人越穷”的现象。在其本原和通常的用法中，喻指声誉和地位的问题，但是它在字面上也可用来指经济资本的累积优势。□

The Truth About The Sound of Music Family

《音乐之声》真人实事

（选自《英语世界》2015年第11期）

文/路易丝·伊达尔戈   译/长禾

By Louise Hidalgo

When it was released 50 years ago, The Sound of Music became one of the most successful films of all time. It was based on the true story of the von Trapp family—but what did they think of it and was their life really like it was portrayed in the movie?

五十年前，《音乐之声》上映，自此成为史上最成功的电影之一。影片以冯特拉普一家的真实经历为原型，但他们本人如何看待这部片子？他们的生活真如电影所展示的那样吗？

[2] “Everyone thinks The Sound of Music was exactly the way things happened, and of course it wasn’t be­cause there had to be artistic licence,” says Johannes von Trapp. He is the youngest son of Georg and Maria—the decorated¹ naval commander and singing nun turned governess of the film.

“This was the Hollywood version of the Broadway version of the Ger­man film version of the book that my mother wrote.

“It’s like the parlour game where you whisper a word in your neigh­bour’s ear and he whispers it and it goes around the room—by the time it comes back it’s usually changed a bit.”

〔2〕“人人都以为《音乐之声》的故事跟真实情况完全一样，这当然不可能，因为电影得有艺术加工。”约翰内斯·冯特拉普说。约翰内斯是格奥尔格和玛丽亚最小的儿子。电影里，格奥尔格就是那个获得勋章的海军指挥官，玛丽亚则是那个爱唱歌的修女，后来当上了家庭教师。

“我母亲写的书出版后，先是德国人根据书拍了部电影，然后百老汇将德国影片改编成了音乐剧，之后好莱坞又将音乐剧改编为电影。

“就像那种室内游戏，你悄悄告诉邻座一个词，他再悄悄传给下一位，照此传话，直到整个房间的人都传遍，等到这个词再传回你，通常多多少少都会不一样了。”

[3] When The Sound of Music came out² in March 1965, 20th Cen­tury Fox put on a special screening for the family in New York. Johannes was a young recruit in the US army and applied for leave but was refused.

“So I went absent without leave. I borrowed a car from a friend and I had to save my last dollar for the Hol­land tunnel³ to get across the Hudson River.

“A lot of my family’s friends were there, and my mother of course, and my brothers and sisters. And it was very emotional and powerful. I remember at the wedding scene my mother got up from her chair and started walking towards the screen, she was so impacted.”

〔3〕1965年3月《音乐之声》上映之时，20世纪福克斯公司在纽约为冯特拉普一家举办了专场放映。年轻的约翰内斯当时刚刚入伍，是美国新兵，他为此请假，但未获准。

“所以我偷偷跑了出来，从朋友那儿借了辆车，为过哈德孙河还得省下最后一块钱走荷兰隧道。

“我们家的很多朋友都来了，当然，我母亲和我的哥哥姐姐们也都在。当时场面很感人、很震撼。我记得，放到婚礼场面时，母亲从椅子上站起来，向银幕走去，她被深深地打动了。”

[4] In real life the oldest von Trapp child was Rupert but in the film it’s a girl, sixteen-year-old Liesl who falls in love with the boy who de­livers telegrams, Rolfe.

“In the real family my oldest sister was Agatha and she was a very intro­verted person,” says Johannes, “and the thought of her doing that song and dance routine with the telegraph boy had us all rolling in the aisles⁴ in stitches⁵.”

〔4〕真实生活中，冯特拉普家的老大是鲁珀特，但在电影中，老大是16岁的女孩莉斯尔，和送电报的男孩罗尔夫坠入爱河。

“家里的真实情况是：我大姐叫阿加莎，是个非常内向的人，”约翰内斯说，“一想到影片中她和那个送电报的男孩唱啊跳的，我们就乐得不行，笑得前仰后合。”

[5] There were other differences too.

〔5〕此外还有不同之处。

[6] Johannes was born in 1939—by then his mother and father had been married for 12 years and had already had two children together, to add to the seven that the widowed Captain von Trapp had from his first mar­riage.

In the film the couple marry in 1938 and as Johannes says: “It was quite tough enough with seven kids for the movie company.”

〔6〕约翰内斯1939年出生，彼时，结婚12年的父母已生了两个孩子。丧偶的冯特拉普上校在与玛丽亚结婚前，已经有7个孩子，那是他与第一任妻子所生。

而在电影里，这对夫妻1938年结婚，如约翰内斯所说：“对电影公司来说，7个小孩已经够难弄了。”

[7] The von Trapp children also already played music before Maria came to their home as a governess. “My mother was the energy and the instigator that took them to almost concert quality,” says Johannes.

But it was another important figure in their life, the priest, Father Franz Fausner, who was instrumental in their musical success, touring with them in Europe and America. He was left out of both the film and the Broadway musical.

〔7〕在玛丽亚来到他们家当家庭教师前，冯特拉普家的孩子就已经与音乐结缘。约翰内斯说：“我母亲给这个家注入了活力，是家庭合唱团的发起者，将孩子们的演唱几乎提升到了音乐会的水准。”

但是，真实生活中，他们在音乐上取得成功，有另一个重要人物起了重要作用，那就是弗朗茨·福斯纳神父，他和他们一起在欧洲和美国巡演。但在影片和百老汇的音乐剧中，他都没被提及。

[8] Another more hurtful change was the portrayal of Georg von Trapp. Far from being the distant rather domineering father of The Sound of Music, Johannes says he was “a very charming man, generous, open, and not the martinet he was made out to be both in the stage play and in the film. My mother did try to alter that portrayal for the film, but she was not successful.”

〔8〕另一处改编更伤人感情，那就是对格奥尔格·冯特拉普的刻画。他根本不是《音乐之声》里所刻画的冷漠专横的父亲，约翰内斯说，父亲“是个很有魅力的人，大度又开明，根本不是舞台剧和电影里塑造的那种铁令如山的人。母亲确实试图改变电影对他的那种刻画，但没有成功。”

[9] It was Maria von Trapp’s book, The Story of Trapp Family Singers, which was published in 1949 that inspired first the musical and then the film.

〔9〕正是玛丽亚·冯特拉普1949年出版的书，《冯特拉普家庭合唱团的故事》，先后催生了音乐剧和电影。

[10] The family had lost all their money when the Austrian bank that held it failed in the 1930s—they man­aged to keep their villa outside Salz­burg.

But after the Nazi annexation of Austria in March 1938, life became increasingly untenable and later that year they left.

〔10〕20世纪30年代，奥地利银行倒闭，这个家所有的存款都没了，但他们设法保住了萨尔茨堡郊外的别墅。

但1938年3月纳粹吞并奥地利后，生活变得越来越难以维持；那年晚些时候，他们离开了奥地利。

[11] They didn’t cross the moun­tains as shown in the film though—they went by train to go on a concert tour from which they never returned. They finally travelled by boat to New York and when they arrived had only a few dollars to their name.

〔11〕不过，他们并没有像电影所描述的那样翻山越岭，而是坐火车开始了一场音乐巡演，自此再未回头。最终，他们乘船抵达纽约，当时已囊中羞涩。

[12] They continued giving per­formances and later bought a farm in Vermont where the family still runs a hotel, the Trapp Family Lodge. But when Georg died in 1947 Maria was left with 10 children to support.

〔12〕他们继续演出，后来在佛蒙特州买了一个农场，这家人现在仍在那儿经营一家旅馆——特拉普家庭小舍。1947年格奥尔格去世，留下了玛丽亚独力抚养10个孩子。

[13] That’s when she wrote the book which became a best-seller. A German-language film and the musi­cal followed.

〔13〕正是在那个时候，玛丽亚写了那本书。该书成为畅销书，并先后被改编成德语电影和音乐剧。

[14] Maria later recalled, in a BBC interview, that she only learned Hol­lywood was making a film when she read about it in a newspaper.

“I felt very alarmed,” she said. “I didn’t know what they are going to do with us… Hollywood being Hol­lywood, [I thought] they will have me three times divorced and five times married or whatever. And then it turned out so nice—especially the beginning with the mountains and me coming up over the meadow.”

〔14〕后来，在英国广播公司的一次采访中，玛丽亚回忆说，她看到报纸才得知好莱坞要拍一部电影。

“我很担心，”她说，“我不知道他们会把我们拍成什么样……好莱坞就是好莱坞，（我想）他们会让我离三次婚、结五次婚什么的。结果，影片却拍得那么好——尤其是开头那段：崇山峻岭，我从草地上走来。”

[15] Maria was a “force of nature” says Johannes. “It wasn’t easy to dis­agree with her but she kept everything together.”

“She did everything quickly. She walked very fast, with a rolling gait de­veloped from hiking in the Austrian mountains and it was hard to keep up with her. She ate fast, she drove too fast. My wife borrowed her car once to go the village, and was astonished that everyone in front gave way when they saw my mother’s car coming.”

〔15〕玛丽亚“个性很强”，约翰内斯说：“不听她的话可不容易，她可是我们家的主心骨。”

“她做什么事都快。她走路特别快，一步紧跟一步，这是在奥地利翻山越岭经常远足练出来的，要跟上她的步子可难了。她吃饭快，开车也快。有一次，我妻子借她的车到村里去，她惊讶地发现，一看到我妈妈的车开过来，前面每个人都赶紧让道。”

[16] Music was always part of the von Trapps’ life, even when they weren’t performing.

“I can remember times I’d be washing the pots and pans in the kitchen and my sister Hedwig had been cooking, and we’d start singing and harmonising, and then another family member would come and join us. And soon the guests would leave their tables and come into the kitchen to hear us sing,” says Johannes.

〔16〕音乐一直是冯特拉普一家生活的一部分，即便他们不表演时也是如此。

“我还记得，有时候，我在厨房刷锅洗碗，姐姐黑德维希在做饭，我俩就会唱起歌来，一唱一和，然后家里另一个人会过来跟我们一起唱。很快，客人们都会离开餐桌，到厨房来听我们唱歌。”约翰内斯说。

[17] He acknowledges that it has been hard at times to live alongside the Hollywood version of their life. “But I’ve come to grip with it,” he says.

“There were many years when I really was annoyed by it. But I’ve been so impressed by how many peo­ple say it’s been inspirational to them, that I put it on one side, in the public performance part of my life, and get on with my own life in private.” ■

〔17〕他承认，好莱坞电影中的呈现有时会干扰他们的现实生活。“但我已经能应付了。”他说。

“有好几年，我真是觉得很烦。但当我听到那么多人说影片鼓舞了他们时，我就非常欣慰，因此，我把它放到一边，公开演出时呈现给大家，其他时候就好好过我自己的日子。” □

（译者单位: 中华女子学院）

1． decorate 授给（某人）勋章（或奖章）。

2． come out 出版或发表。   

3． 该隧道位于美国纽约州纽约市，从哈德孙河下穿过，连接纽约市的曼哈顿与新泽西州的泽西市。1920年开工，1927年完工通车，隧道设计者克利福德·密尔本·荷兰（Clifford Milburn Holland）在隧道完工前去世，因此以其姓命名以兹纪念。   

4． roll in the aisles 笑得东倒西歪，乐不可支。   

5． 捧腹大笑。

 

文苑

4/ 好差事（节选）.........柴晚锁 译

16/ 医院的使命是什么？.........韩笑 译  沛轩 审订

21/ 圣诞老人真的存在吗？.........张博博 译

24/ 公祷者.........易腾飞 杨金才 析

环球万象

28/ 平等的机会，美国的神话.........王祥钢 许效礼 译

34/ 美国控烟50年.........赵胜杰 译  尹晖 审订

聚焦科幻

【2015年8月23日，中国科幻作家刘慈欣的作品《三体》获得第73届世界科幻大会颁发的雨果奖最佳长篇小说奖，这是亚洲科幻小说首次获得该奖，由此引发了新一波科幻热潮，而其英文版的出版上市也反响热烈。时空穿梭、远距传物和隐形斗篷在2100年前都能成真么？科幻作品关注的不是未来又是什么呢？】

40/ 中国热捧科幻小说.........赵刚 李成祥 译

45/ 时空穿梭等科学幻想将成现实.........逸心 译  馨心 审订

49/ 当科幻小说不再关注未来.........许建忠 程淑娟 译

科技天地

54/ 设计婴儿指日可待?.........晏向荣 译  王华玲 审订

【这项技术争议多多……】

财经观察

58/ 同住党：同住宿，同工作.........王春莉 译

艺坛

63/ 《漂亮女人》带给流行文化的礼物.........周雪涵 译  肖遥 审订

70/ 《有风景的自画像》.........爱艺 译

中国印象

71/ 有史以来最傻气的美食指南？.........陈天怡 译

读书

77/ 赫本私房菜揭秘.........曹莉 译

史海钩沉

80/ 女王圣诞致辞的故事.........魏家海 王敏 译

教育

86/ 科学的诗意探索（下）.........刘海翔 甘露 译

心境

93/ 如何找到更多时间.........曹蓝芳 译  许诺 审订

【时间都去哪儿了……总觉得不够用啊！】

词林漫步

97/ Butter­fly的象征意义.........王逢鑫

99/ 说中道西：西方与中国文法溯源（五）.........陈国华

104/ 英语里“空中”怎么说——法律英语漫谈（七十八）.........魏焕华

106/ “你这么任性，我也是醉了”英文怎么说.........沈子灵

谭译录

108/ 领袖豪气，传神译笔.........任东升 张玉凌

心怡集

112/ 书香，自两岸飘送.........金圣华

MTI课堂

114/ 《马利和我》（节选三）.........吴文安 译析

119/ 屈伸自如.........李运兴 译

122/ 历史人物的翻译.........陈善伟

英伦学堂   

124/ 恐龙长什么样？.........Linda Baxter

127/ 街舞.........The British Council

资讯   

111/ 订购信息.........《英语世界》发行部

刊名题字 .........钱锺书

封面 幻.........罗西

封底 亨利·卢梭：《有风景的自画像》.........林林

插一 读者荐稿启事.........《英语世界》编辑部

Time Travel, Teleportation and Invisibility Cloaks Will All Exist by 2100

时空穿梭等科学幻想将成现实

 

（选自《英语世界》2015年第12期）

 

文/萨拉·格里菲思  译/逸心  审订/馨心

By Sarah Griffiths

Time travel and teleportation¹ are staples in many sci-fi films, such as Star Trek. But some physicists say they will likely become possible before the end of this cen­tury.

时空穿梭和远距传物是《星际迷航》等许多科幻影片中的常见桥段，但有些物理学家表示，在本世纪结束前，这些都可能成为现实。

 

[2] While time travel may be the most ambitious² feat of engineering, they say that it might be possible by 2100, while space tourism and invisibility cloaks will probably become available within just 15 years.

〔2〕尽管时空穿梭可能是工程学中最难实现的创举，但物理学家们称，到2100年，时空穿梭或许能成为现实，而太空旅行和隐形斗篷可能在短短15年内就能实现。

 

[3] Physicists from Imperial Col­lege London and the University of Glasgow predicted when “sci-fi tech­nologies” as seen in Star Trek, Star Wars, Back to the Future and Harry Potter will probably become scientific fact during the lifetimes of current school children.

〔3〕帝国理工学院和格拉斯哥大学的物理学家们预言：《星际迷航》《星球大战》《回到未来》《哈利·波特》这些电影中出现的“科幻技术”很可能在当前学龄儿童的有生之年变为科学事实。

 

[4] In research among a panel of top UK scientists and a study of 11-16 year olds commissioned by The Big Bang Fair³, scientists said that telepor­tation could become a daily activity by 2080.

〔4〕根据对英国顶级科学家进行的研究，以及受“大爆炸”科技博览会委托对一组11-16岁青少年展开的一项调查，科学家们称，到2080年远距传物可能变为一项日常活动。

 

[5] The children polled thought time travel, which is seen in Back to the Future, might be possible 63 years from now, but scientists were not quite so optimistic.

〔5〕参与调查的孩子们认为，《回到未来》中所见的时空穿梭也许63年内就能实现，但是科学家们却没那么乐观。

 

[6] Colin Stuart, author of The Big Questions in Science, estimates humans will be able to jump ahead to see our future by 2100—just 85 years away. “Time travel to the future has already been achieved, but only in tiny amounts,” he said.

“The record is 0.02 seconds set by cosmonaut⁴ Sergei Krikalev. While that doesn’t sound too impressive, it does show that time travel to the future is possible and that the amount of time travel couldn’t be far greater.

“If you travelled through space on a big loop at 10 per cent the speed of light for what seemed to you like six months, approximately six months and one day would have passed on Earth.

“You’d have time travelled a day into the future. Travel at the same speed for 10 years and you’ll time travel nearly three weeks into the future.

“I would say we are looking at 2100 as a very optimistic timescale⁵ for travelling weeks into the future.”

〔6〕《科学中的重大问题》一书的作者科林·斯图尔特估计，到2100年人类将能穿越到未来，从现在算起这也只需要85年的时间。他说：“前往未来的时空穿梭已经实现了，只是穿梭的时空非常有限。

“苏联宇航员谢尔盖·克里卡廖夫创造了0.02秒的纪录。虽然那听起来没什么了不起的，但它的确展示出时空穿梭到未来是可能的，而且时空穿梭的时间不会太久。

“如果你以相当于光速10%的速度沿环形轨道在太空穿梭6个月，那么地球上应该已经过了约6个月零1天的时间。

“也就是说你向未来穿梭了一天。以同样的速度穿行十年，那么你将会向未来穿梭将近三周时间。

“我想说的是，我们非常看好在2100年实现穿越到数周后的未来。”

[7] Teleportation however, which is a key feature in Star Trek, could become a regular occurrence by 2080, according to Dr Mary Jacquiline Romero from the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Glasgow.

The polled children were just two years out, predicting this will happen in 63 years.

〔7〕而格拉斯哥大学物理与天文学学院的玛丽·杰奎琳·罗梅罗博士认为，到2080年，《星际迷航》中的一个重要设定，即远距传物，可能会成为一种常态。

参与调查的孩子们仅比玛丽·杰奎琳·罗梅罗博士少算了两年，他们预测63年内将会实现远距传物。

 

[8] “Teleporting a person, atom by atom, will be very difficult… but perhaps developments in chemistry or molecular biology will allow us to do it more quickly,” she explained.

“The good thing about teleporta­tion is that there is no fundamental law telling us that it cannot be done and with technical advances I would estimate teleportation that we see in the films will be with us by 2080.”

She said that physicists have achieved reliable teleportation, but it has only been done with electrons so far.

“To put this into perspective when thinking about human telepor­tation, an atom can have many elec­trons and a person is made of billions of atoms,” she said.

〔8〕她解释称：“要以原子为单位实现人的远距传送将非常困难……但是或许化学或分子生物学的发展可能会加快这一进程。

“关于远距传物，好在没有基本法则告诉我们这是无法实现的，据我估计，随着科技的进步，电影中见到的远距传物将在2080年之前出现在我们生活中。”

她说，物理学家已经实现了可靠的远距传物，但目前为止只能通过电子完成。

“从这个角度来看人的远距传送的话，实际上一个原子可能有许多个电子，而一个人是由数十亿个原子组成的。”她说。

 

[9] However, we may get our hands on Harry Potter-style invisibili­ty cloaks and be able to go on holiday in space in just 15 years’ time. Chris Phillips, Professor of Experimental Solid State Physics at Imperial College London said: “One way to create an ‘invisibility cloak’ is to use adaptive camouflage, which involves taking a film of the background of an object or person and projecting it onto the front to give the illusion of vanishing.

“We’re actually not that far away from this becoming a reality—rudimentary technology versions of this have already been created—but the main problem is that the fibre-like structures in the adaptive camouflage need to be so tightly woven that it’s incredibly labour intensive.

“With developments such as 3D printing allowing us to create previously impossible materials, it’s entire­ly feasible that we could see a Harry Potter-like invisibility cloak within the next 10 to 20 years.”

〔9〕但是，也许在短短15年内，我们就能获得哈利·波特那样的隐形斗篷，并能去太空度假了。帝国理工学院实验固体物理学教授克里斯·菲利普斯说：“一种可以创造‘隐形斗篷’的方法就是自适应伪装，即，将人或物的背景录影，然后把它投射为前景，造成人或物体消失的错觉。

“事实上我们离实现这个技术并不远，隐形斗篷的基本技术已经被研制出来了，但主要问题是自适应伪装的类纤维结构需要非常紧密地编织在一起，需要高强度的劳动。

“随着3D打印等技术的发展，我们得以创造以前不可能创造出的材料，未来10到20年里我们完全可能看到类似哈利·波特穿的那种隐形斗篷。”

[10] The panel of school children surveyed dramatically underestimated when they might be able to be tour­ists in space, believing that it will take another 30 years’ time before this be­comes a feature of their lives.

〔10〕参与调查的学生对人类何时能到太空旅行的估计太保守了，他们以为还要再过30年，太空旅行才能变成一种日常活动。

 

[11] However, commercial space flights are expected to blast off in 2015 with Virgin Galactic offering suborbital flights. SpaceShipTwo is projected to fly to a height of 68 miles (110 km), going beyond the defined boundary of space 62 miles (100 km) and lengthening the experience of weightlessness for its passengers.

〔11〕然而，借助维珍银河公司提供的亚轨道飞行，商业宇宙飞船预计将于2015年投入运营。太空船2号预计投放至68英里（110千米）的高度，超过定义的62英里（100千米）处的太空边界，为乘客延长了失重体验的时间。

 

[12] Paul Jackson, CEO of Engi­neering UK, said: “The amazing and seemingly impossible things they see in films and television is acting as a stimulant for young people to think about what they could be capable of doing in the future.

“Almost a fifth of young people surveyed said they dream of becoming a lightsaber developer and 22 per cent want to be a teleporting instructor.

“More than a quarter even said they would consider a career as a time travel engineer, so we will need to think care­fully about how we could provide useful careers advice for that 27 per cent.” ■

〔12〕英国工程公司的CEO保罗·杰克逊说：“年轻人在电影和电视中看到的那些似乎不太可能的惊人之事会激励他们去思索未来能做什么。

“接受调查的年轻人中，近1/5的人说梦想成为光剑研发员，22%的人想成为远距传物教练。

“超过1/4的人甚至说会考虑做时空穿梭工程师，因此我们将需要认真考虑如何为这27%的人提供有用的职业建议。” □

注释：

1. 通过光传播对物理对象或其特性进行复制或再创造，其过程为：先提取原物的所有信息，然后将这些信息传送到接收地点，接收者依据这些信息，选取与构成原物完全相同的基本单元（如：原子），制造出原物完美的复制品。遗憾的是，量子力学的不确定性原理不允许精确地提取原物的全部信息，因此这个复制品不可能是完美的。

2. 需要极大努力(或技能、进取心、胆量等)的，费力的。

3. “大爆炸”科技博览会是英国面向青少年开展的最大规模的科学和工程学庆典，每年举办一次，参赛对象为年龄在7到19岁之间的青少年，旨在鼓励青少年在科学、技术、工程及数学(science, technology, engineering, and math, 简称STEM)等方面有所建树。

4. （苏联的）宇航员，航天员。

5. （事情发生或完成所需要的）一段时间，期限。

Is There a Santa Claus?

圣诞老人真的存在吗？

（选自《英语世界》2015年第12期）

译/张博博

❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀ 

Dear Editor,

I am eight years old. Some of my little friends say there is no Santa Claus. Papa says, “If you see it in The Sun, it’s so.” Please tell me the truth, is there a Santa Claus?

Virginia O’Hanlon

115 W. 95th St

亲爱的主编：

我今年八岁了。一些小朋友说世界上并没有圣诞老人。爸爸告诉我：“如果《太阳报》说有，那就真的有。”请您告诉我，世界上真的有圣诞老人吗？

弗吉尼娅·奥汉隆

纽约市西95街115号

❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀   ❀ 

In 1897, on the advice of her father, eight-year-old Virginia O’Hanlon wrote a short, inquisitive letter to the editor of New York’s since-defunct newspaper, The Sun, in which she sought confirmation of Santa Claus’s existence. The paper’s editor, Francis P. Church, soon replied to Virginia’s letter by way of an editorial, titled “Is There a Santa Claus?”, which went on to become, and in fact remains to this day, the most reprinted English-language editorial in history, and which has since spawned numerous adaptations.

1897年，八岁的弗吉尼娅·奥汉隆在爸爸的建议下，给纽约《太阳报》（现已停刊）时任主编弗朗西斯·P.丘奇写了一封简短的信，询问圣诞老人是否真的存在。这位主编很快以社论的形式回复了弗吉尼娅，社论题为“圣诞老人真的存在吗？”。刊发至今，该文已成为史上重印次数最多的一篇英文社论，并且改编版本众多。

[2]Virginia herself went on to become a teacher and as a result of her innocent question received fan mail for much of her life. She passed away in 1971, aged 81.

〔2〕长大后，弗吉尼娅成为了一名教师。她在大半生中一直收到热心人的邮件，回复她儿时那个天真无邪的问题。1971年，弗吉尼娅去世，享年81岁。

[3]VIRGINIA, your little friends are wrong. They have been affected by the skepticism of a skeptical age. They do not believe except they see. They think that nothing can be which is not comprehensible by their little minds. All minds, Virginia, whether they be men’s or children’s, are little. In this great universe of ours man is a mere insect, an ant, in his intellect as compared with the boundless world about him, as measured by the intelligence capable of grasping the whole of truth and knowledge.

〔3〕亲爱的弗吉尼娅，你的小朋友们说圣诞老人不存在，他们错了。他们已经被质疑一切的时代风气所影响。他们只相信自己眼睛看到的事情，以为自己的小脑袋无法理解的事物绝不存在。所有人，不论是大人还是小孩，才智都有限。在这个浩瀚的宇宙中，与身处其中的无垠世界相比，以掌握全部真理和知识的智慧来衡量，人类的智力只相当于蝼蚁这样的昆虫。

[4]Yes, VIRGINIA, there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound and give to your life its highest beauty and joy. Alas! How dreary would be the world if there were no Santa Claus! It would be as dreary as if there were no VIRGINIAS. There would be no childlike faith then, no poetry, no romance to make tolerable this existence. We should have no enjoyment, except in sense and sight. The eternal light with which childhood fills the world would be extinguished.

〔4〕是的，弗吉尼娅，世界上真的有圣诞老人。你一定知道，这个世界充满了爱、慷慨和奉献，我们的生活因此而无比美好和欢乐，圣诞老人就和它们一样。啊，如果没有圣诞老人，这个世界将多么令人沮丧！就如同没有你这样的小朋友一样令人沮丧！那样，便没了孩童的天真，没了诗意，没了让我们生有可恋的爱情。除了肤浅的感官之娱外，我们再无欢乐可言。而童年带给这个世界的永恒之光也会彻底消失。

[5]Not believe in Santa Claus! You might as well not believe in fairies. You might get your papa to hire men to watch in all the chimneys on Christmas Eve to catch Santa Claus, but even if they did not seeSanta Claus coming down, what would that prove? Nobody sees Santa Claus, but that is no sign that there is no Santa Claus. The most real things in the world are those that neither children nor men can see. Did you ever see fairies dancing on the lawn? Of course not, but that’s no proof that they are not there. Nobody can conceive or imagine all the wonders there are unseen and unseeable in the world.

〔5〕不相信圣诞老人的存在！那也别相信小精灵的存在了。或许你可以让爸爸在圣诞夜雇几个人看着所有的烟囱，看看是否能遇到圣诞老人。不过，即便他们没有看到圣诞老人从烟囱里下来，那又能说明什么呢？虽然没人看到他，但也没有事实能证明他不存在。世界上最真实的事物是孩子和大人们都看不到的。你亲眼看到过精灵在草地上跳舞吗？肯定没有，但也没有证据能说明他们不存在。这世上没有看到和不能看到的神奇事物远超出我们的认知和想象。

[6]You may tear apart the baby’s rattle and see what makes the noise inside, but there is a veil covering the unseen world which not the strongest man, not even the united strength of all the strongest men that ever lived could tear apart. Only faith, poetry, love, romance, can push aside that curtain and view and picture the supernal beauty and glory beyond. Is it all real? Ah, VIRGINIA, in all this world there is nothing else real and abiding.

〔6〕如果你想弄明白小宝宝的拨浪鼓里是什么在响，大可将其打开一探究竟。但面对遮住未知世界的神秘面纱，我们之中最强大的人，甚至集合史上所有强者的力量，也无法掀开一角。只有信念、诗歌、热爱与爱情可以将其掀开，使我们亲眼见证并描绘此间的大美与荣光。这些都是真实存在的吗？啊，亲爱的弗吉尼娅，世界上没有比这更真实、更永恒的了。

[7]No Santa Claus! Thank GOD! He lives, and lives forever. A thousand years from now, Virginia, nay, ten times ten thousand years from now, he will continue to make glad the heart of childhood.

〔7〕世界上没有圣诞老人？！谢天谢地！他不仅真实存在，而且将永远存在。从现在开始的一千年后，不，千千万万年以后，他依然会给孩子们的内心带来欢乐。

Francis P. Church, Editor 

主编 朗西斯·P.丘奇 

文苑

4/ A New Year Story 新年的故事......青阳译

13/ Friendship 论友谊......刘荣跃 译

环球万象

19/ Afghanistan’s Female Sons: The Tradition of Bacha Posh 阿富汗的“假小子”......高玉霞 译 任东升 审订

科技天地

26/ Smart Suitcase for the Next-Generation Traveler 没有拉链的智能旅行箱......陶媛媛 译 史宝辉 审订

网络时代

29/ Three Moments with WeChat 微信之三大神体验......宋安妮 译 陈秀 审订

聚焦《权力的游戏》

36/ Welcome to the World of Ice & Fire 欢迎来到冰与火的世界......英士译

38/ Game of Thrones Moments That Actually Happened in History 《权力的游戏》背后的真实历史......张燕译

45/ Why Game of Thrones Is Really an Allegory for Modern Britain 《权力的游戏》讽喻现代英国......薄锦译

51/ The European Equivalents of the Seven Kingdoms 七大王国影射欧洲......易晨光 译

60/ Game of Thrones: 10 Most Important Moments 盘点《权力的游戏》十大震撼时刻......孟洁冰 译

68/ Women of Game of Thrones 《权力的游戏》中的女性人物......凌霄译

73/ Game of Thrones: Who Was Your Favourite Character in Season Five? 谁是第五季中最受欢迎的角色？......王茜译 尹晖 审订

83/ Peter Dinklage Was Smart to Say No 彼特·丁拉基：小个子有颗巨人心......陈丽 译

91/ Ten Things You Didn’t Know About the Game of Thrones Cast 关于《权力的游戏》演员你不知道的10件事......苏菲 译

95/ Game of Thrones Season 6: Long-Scattered Characters Reunited 第六季预测：史塔克家族重聚......凌云译

艺坛

99/ The Education of the Children of Clovis《克洛维的儿子的幼年教育》......爱艺 译

读书

102/ A Brief History of the Great American Coloring Book 美国涂色书简史......方华文 译

词林漫步

108/ 《我是路人甲》......王逢鑫

MTI课堂

116/ Marley and Me《马利和我》（节选四）......吴文安 译析

121/ 小石城山记The Little Stone-Town Hill......马静 译 汪榕培 审订

应试点津

123/ 坚持阅读，摒弃技巧——唐老雅的雅思学习真经......唐老雅等

英伦学堂

127/ Teen Fashions: What’s Hot?......The British Council

资讯

82/ 订购信息......《英语世界》发行部

刊名题字......钱锺书

封面 《权力的游戏》......罗西

封底 劳伦斯·阿尔玛–塔德玛：《克洛维的儿子的幼年教育》......林林

Game of Thrones: 10 Most Important Moments

盘点《权力的游戏》十大震撼时刻

（选自《英语世界》2016年第1期）

文/凯瑟琳·吉等  译/孟洁冰

By Catherine Gee et al.

Barely an episode of this fantasy series goes by without amoment that causes slack-jawed shock from its viewers. George R.R. Martin, who wrote the novel series A Song of Ice and Fire on which the drama is based, has a brutal, ruthless approach to story­telling. Here's a look back at some of the most memorably shocking mo­ments in the series that had everyone talking.

这部奇幻电视连续剧几乎每集都有让观众瞠目结舌的时刻。《权力的游戏》改编自乔治·R.R.马丁的《冰与火之歌》系列小说，这位作者好用冷酷无情的手法来讲述故事。现在让我们回顾这部电视剧中曾引发观众热议、最令人难忘的一些震撼时刻。

10. Daenerys Targaryen: Mother of Dragons 

10. 丹妮莉丝·坦格利安：龙之母

Daenerys Targaryen (Emilia Clarke) had seemingly lost it all by the first season finale. Her husband was dead, her child stillborn and her abil­ity to lead the Dothraki in question. When Dany entered husband Drogo's (Jason Momoa) burning funeral pyre with three dragon eggs, it seemed cer­tain she too, would perish. The next morning Dany emerged, naked and un­harmed, three baby dragons clinging to her. The iconic image secured actress Emilia Clarke a place in the hearts of fanboys for life.

在第一季结尾，丹妮莉丝·坦格利安（埃米莉亚·克拉克饰）似乎失去了一切。她的丈夫不幸身亡，她的孩子胎死腹中，她领导多斯拉克部落的能力受到质疑。在丹妮抱着三个龙蛋走进焚烧丈夫卓戈（杰森·莫玛饰）尸体的火焰时，人们认为她肯定会葬身火海。第二天清晨，丹妮却全身赤裸、毫发无损地走了出来，身上挂着三条小龙。这个经典形象让女演员埃米莉亚·克拉克在宅男粉丝心中永远占有一席之地。

9. Tyrion's revenge 

9. 提利昂的报复

By the end of Season Four Tyrion Lannister (Peter Dinklage) had finally had his fill of being treated like the family embarrassment. Broken out of his prison cell by his faithful brother Jaime (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau), mere hours before he was due to be wrong­fully executed[1] for the murder of King Joffrey, Tyrion took a quick detour through the castle on his way to free­dom. In his father's room he found his former lover, Shae (Sibel Kekilli) asleep in Tywin's (Charles Dance) bed. This was one betrayal too far. When she lunged for a knife he throttled her then shot his father with a crossbow while he sat on the privy, denying Tywin the dignity that he had held back from Tyrion for so long.

在第四季结尾，提利昂·兰尼斯特（彼特·丁拉基饰）终于无法忍受自己被当作家族的耻辱。他遭到诬陷，以谋杀国王乔佛里的罪名被判死刑，就在行刑前几个小时，对他不离不弃的哥哥詹姆（尼古拉·科斯特－瓦尔道饰）把他从牢房里救了出来，提利昂抄近路穿过城堡逃走。在父亲泰温（查尔斯·丹斯饰）的房间里，他发现从前的恋人雪伊（西贝尔·凯基莉饰）睡在父亲的床上。这一背叛超越了他的底线。在雪伊伸手拿刀的时候，提利昂勒死了雪伊，接着用弓弩射杀了坐在厕所的父亲。这么久以来，泰温一直践踏他的尊严，而他也让泰温最后以这种最屈辱的方式死去。

[1] 提利昂在乔佛里中毒身亡前拿着这位国王的酒杯，因此成了替罪羊。

8. Bran Stark is pushed through a window 

8. 布兰·史塔克从窗口被推落

In Season One, Bran (Isaac Hempstead-Wright) is introduced as a curious young boy who loves climb­ing. While scaling an old tower, he catches sister and brother Cersei (Lena Headey) and Jaime Lannister having sex. Jaime goes over to the stunned boy and it appears he is going to pull Bran up. Instead, he pushes Bran off. Bran survives but is comatose. An as­sassin comes to kill him, but is stopped by Bran's direwolf, Summer, in an­other intense scene.

第一季中，刚出场的布兰（伊萨克·亨普斯特德­怀特饰）还是个充满好奇心的小男孩，喜欢攀爬。他在攀登一座废弃的塔楼时，偶然撞见瑟曦·兰尼斯特（莱娜·海蒂饰）和她弟弟詹姆·兰尼斯特的奸情。詹姆走向这个吓坏了的孩子，看似要把布兰拉上来，实际上却伸手把他推下了窗口。布兰活了下来，但是昏迷不醒。在另一幕紧张刺激的场景中，一名刺客前来暗杀布兰，却被他的冰原狼夏天扑倒。

7. Wildfire lights up the Blackwater 

7. 野火照亮黑水河面

In a show that can move slowly, the Battle of the Blackwater was a nonstop thrill ride. Season Two cli­maxes with an epic battle in which the fleet of Stannis Baratheon (Stephen Dillane), rightful king of Westeros and pitiless war commander, attempts to seize King's Landing from young psy­chopath Joffrey (Jack Gleeson). Jof­frey's troops are badly outnumbered, but the Lannisters have an ace up their sleeve—Joffrey's clever uncle, the dwarf Tyrion, has been working with the Alchemists' Guild to equip the city guard with "wildfire," a combustible, unquenchable oil that burns with a hellish green light.

在这部节奏缓慢的电视剧中，黑水河之役可以说是险象环生、惊险刺激的一场戏。这场宏大的战役把第二季的剧情推向高潮。维斯特洛的合法国王、铁石心肠的战场指挥官史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩（史蒂芬·迪兰饰）率领舰队，企图从年轻的疯王乔佛里（杰克·格利森饰）手中夺取君临城。乔佛里的军队寡不敌众，但兰尼斯特家族还暗藏杀手锏——那就是乔佛里绝顶聪明的舅舅、侏儒提利昂，他得到了炼金术士公会的协助，为守城护卫装备了“野火”，这种油极易燃烧，难以扑灭，发出地狱般的绿色火光。

6. The white walkers attack the wildlings 

6. 异鬼突袭野人

When the horde of white walk­ers attacked the wildling camp as they prepared to leave with Jon Snow (Kit Harington), it made for a scene that seemed straight out of a horror film. The sight of newly transformed white-walker children stood staring dead-eyed at their mother only added to the shock value. But that moment when the boatful of Night's Watchmen were escaping, staring agog at the scene of destruction they were leaving behind, the Night's King—the sinister leader of the walkers—silently raised his arms, all the while maintaining eye contact with Jon. At his command, all the dead arose. Suddenly we realised, Westeros is screwed.

异鬼大军突袭野人营地的时候，野人们正准备与琼恩·雪诺（基特·哈林顿饰）一起离开，这个场景看起来像是从恐怖片中直接截取的片段。刚刚变身异鬼的儿童站在那里，用死寂无神的眼睛瞪着他们的母亲，进一步加重了画面令人震惊的效果。然而，等到守夜人登船逃离、急切地望着身后的破败景象时，邪恶的异鬼首领夜王默默地举起双臂，他的眼睛一直与雪诺对视。在他的召唤下，所有的死人都站起身来。我们突然意识到，维斯特洛大陆情况不妙。

5. The Purple Wedding 

5. 紫色婚礼

Apparently every wedding on this show is cursed. In Season Four, the sadistic King Joffrey, celebrating his marriage to Margaery Tyrell (Natalie Dormer), mocks his uncle Tyrion and makes him his cupbearer. After Tyrion hands Joffrey a cup of wine, Joffrey starts to choke violently and with his last bit of strength, points to Tyrion in accusation.

显然，这部电视剧的每场婚礼都受到了诅咒。第四季中，残暴的国王乔佛里在庆祝他与玛格丽·提利尔（娜塔莉·多默尔饰）结婚的宴会上，当众嘲弄舅舅提利昂，让他做自己的侍酒官。提利昂递给乔佛里一杯葡萄酒，乔佛里喝下后开始出现强烈的窒息，他使出最后一点力气，用手指向了提利昂，指控他是杀人凶手。

4. The Trial of Tyrion Lannister 

4. 提利昂·兰尼斯特的审判

In King's Landing, Tyrion goes on trial for Joffrey's murder. Listening as former friends and foes painted him as a murderer, Tyrion objected to the unjust trial with his usual barbed witti­cisms. But when Shae (Sibel Kekilli), his former lover, took the stand and betrayed him with one lie after another, he finally snapped, shouting, "Yes, Fa­ther! Iam guilty! Guilty! Is that what you want to hear?"

提利昂以谋杀乔佛里的罪名在君临城接受了审判。听到从前的朋友与敌人把他形容成杀人凶手，提利昂用惯常讥讽的俏皮话来反抗这场不公正的审判。但是，在过去的恋人雪伊（西贝尔·凯基莉饰）出庭作证、接连撒谎出卖他的时候，他终于爆发了，大声喊道：“是的，父亲！我有罪！有罪！这就是你想听到的吗？”

He had everyone thinking he was going to confess to Joffrey's death, but he delivered one epic speech instead. When Tywin asked if he was confess­ing to Joffrey's murder, Tyrion said no. "I'm guilty of a far more monstrous crime. I'm guilty of being a dwarf...  I've been on trial for that my entire life."

大家都以为他要供认害死乔佛里的罪行，他却发表了一番震撼人心的演说。当泰温问他是否承认谋杀乔佛里时，提利昂否认了。“我犯下了更可怕的罪行。我的罪过就是生为侏儒……我的一生都为此遭受审判。”

There's something almost the­atrical about theentire scene, and only Peter Dinklage could pull it off, froth­ing in a Richard III[2] rage. "I wish I was the monster you think I am. I wish I had enough poison for the whole pack of you,” He vented to the crowd on the public gallery. The episode ended with Tyrion demanding a trial by combat.

整个场景颇具戏剧色彩，只有彼特·丁拉基格能够完美演绎这场戏，宣泄出理查三世般的怒火。“但愿我就是你们所认为的恶魔。但愿我有足够的毒药毒死你们所有人。”他对旁听席上的公众怒喝道。这一集以提利昂要求比武审判而结束。

[2] 理查三世出生于 1452年 10月，1483年即位，1485年被发动叛乱的亨利 ·都铎杀死。理查三世在历史学家托马斯·莫尔撰写的编年史中首次被刻画成暴君。在莎士比亚的著名历史剧《理查三世》中，理查三世跛脚、驼背甚至手臂萎缩。2004年，彼特·丁拉基在纽约公共剧院成功地扮演了残忍、复杂而又悲哀的理查三世。

3. The execution of Ned Stark 

3. 奈德·史塔克的死刑

Sean Bean, who played Stark patriarch Ned, was featured heavily in all of the promos for Game of Thrones and was a selling point to many new fans. This made his beheading in Sea­son One that much more shocking. Daughter Sansa begged King Joffrey not to go through with it, but was forced to watch the violent act, as was Arya, who'd escaped into the crowd. The killing of a main character before the first season even ended proved this was one show that doesn't play by the rules.

饰演史塔克家族族长奈德的肖恩·比恩在《权力的游戏》的所有宣传片中都有重要镜头，是吸引许多新粉丝的卖点。因此，他在第一季中惨遭斩首更加令人震惊。他的女儿珊莎恳求国王乔佛里不要执行死刑，却被迫目睹了这一残暴行径，艾莉亚也是，不过她逃进了人群。第一季还没结束就杀死主角，足以证明这部电视剧完全不按常理出牌。

2. The sacrifice of Shireen 

2. 希琳的献祭

Of all the unpleasant things to happen on this show, Stannis Barathe­on's murder of his own daughter has to be one of—if not the—nastiest. Previ­ously something of a fan favourite, he was dubbed "Stannis the Mannis" on the internet for his dour, no-nonsense attitude. But, in the penultimate epi­sode of the fifth series, he finally  suc­cumbed to the will of Melisandre[3] (Caricevan Houten)—who told him that if he sacrificed his daughter the Lord of Light would show good for­tune to his military campaign. So he had his poor, screaming child strapped to a stake and set on fire. Even his fa­natically religious wife Selyse (Tara Fitzgerald)—who had rejected her Shireen (KerryIngram) ever since she contracted the greyscale that scarred her face—changed her mind about the sacrifice at the last moment. But Stan­nis remained determined. By the epi­sode's end he was certainly no longer "the Mannis".

这部电视剧里有许多让人不快的情节，而史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩杀死亲生女儿可以说是其中最令人反感的一幕。此前他深受粉丝喜爱，因个性严肃冷峻、沉默寡言，被网民戏称为“男神史坦尼斯”。但是，在第五季倒数第二集中，梅丽珊卓（卡里斯·范侯登饰）告诉史坦尼斯，如果他献祭自己的女儿，光之王就能给他的军事行动带来好运，他最终屈服于梅丽珊卓的意志，把不断尖叫的可怜的女儿绑在木架上活活烧死。他那执迷于宗教的妻子赛丽丝（塔拉·菲茨杰拉德饰）在希琳（克丽·英格拉姆饰）染上灰鳞病造成脸部疤痕后嫌弃这个女儿，但就连她也在最后时刻改变了献祭的想法，可史坦尼斯却依然固执己见。这一集结束后，他肯定不再是观众心目中的“男神”了。

[3] 光之王（Lord of Light）的女祭司，被叫做“红袍女”，为史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩服务。

1. The Red Wedding 

1. 红色婚礼

Walder Frey (David Bradley) ap­peared surprisingly relaxed about Robb Stark (Richard Madden) marrying Tali­sa (Oona Chaplin) instead of the Frey daughter to whom he was betrothed. Just when we thought we'd made it through with no serious fatalities, the last five minutes happened. The cel­ebration of the marriage of Roslin Frey and Edmure Tully gets in full swing. Catelyn Stark (Ned's wife) notices the banquet-hall doors are closed and the Lannister song, "The Rains of Casta­mere," begins to play. She realizes it's a trap, but it's too late. Her son Robb's pregnant wife, Talisa, is stabbed in her stomach, and before Robb can run to her aid, he is shot. Catelyn, shot in the back, tries to take Walder Frey's wife hostage but he doesn't care. Catelyn begs for Robb's life, but Roose Bolton stabs him in the heart. An anguished Catelyn slits the throat of Frey's wife, and then allows her own throat to be slashed. This jaw-dropping bloodbath had social media on fire for days. The wrenching episode won a Primetime Emmy award for outstanding writing in a drama series. ■

罗柏·史塔克（理查德·马登饰）没有履行他与佛雷侯爵女儿的婚约，反而与泰丽莎（奥娜·卓别林饰）结婚，出人意料的是，瓦德·佛雷（戴维·布莱德利饰）对此表现平静。就在我们以为平安无事时，最后五分钟却发生了惨案。萝丝琳·佛雷和艾德慕·徒利的婚礼宴会正进行到高潮，凯特琳·史塔克（奈德的妻子）发现宴会厅所有的门都关闭了，乐队奏起兰尼斯特家族的歌谣“卡斯特梅的雨季”。她意识到这场婚礼是个陷阱，可为时已晚。儿子罗柏怀有身孕的妻子泰丽莎被刺中腹部，罗伯赶去救她的时候被箭射中。背部中箭的凯特琳试图抓住瓦德·佛雷的妻子作为人质，但他面不改色。凯特琳恳求饶了罗柏性命，然而卢斯·波顿用刀插进了他的心脏。悲痛欲绝的凯特琳割断了佛雷妻子的喉咙，她自己也被割喉而死。这幕令人惊叹的血腥场景在社交媒体上引发了持续数天的热议。《权力的游戏》也凭借惊心动魄的这一集赢得了黄金时段艾美奖的剧情类最佳编剧奖。 □

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我们为什么 bury the hatchet（冰释前嫌，直译为将短柄小斧埋起来）？

bury the hatchet 短语释义为 end aquarrel or conflict and become friendly，意思为：结束争吵或冲突，并变得友好。这个短语出自17世纪美国本土的风俗，将斧钺埋在地下表示放下武器，争战双方宣告和平。

例句：Leading tech competitors bury the hatchet to improve energy efficiency.

我们为什么要谈 stealing someone's thunder（抢别人的风头，直译为偷走某人的雷声）？

steal someone's thunder 短语释义为 win praise for oneself by pre-empting someone else's attempt to impress，意思为：先发制人地打动别人，为自己赢得赞誉。这个故事来自于18世纪的剧作人约翰·丹尼斯，他发明了一种机器，可以模拟雷声作为舞台音效。他的发明在之后的剧作中被人使用（话剧《麦克白》中），对此丹尼斯大吼：“Damn them! They will not let my play run, but they steal my thunder.”（“该死的！他们不让我的剧演出，但是他们偷走了我的雷声。”）

例句：But senior officers stole their thunder by revealing for the first time estimates of the funding needed for the new centre.

playing to the gallery（迎合大众趣味，直译为对楼座位置的观众演出）从何而来？

playing to the gallery 短语释义为 act in an exaggerated way in order to appeal to popular taste，意思是：为了取悦大众口味而以夸张的方式演出。从17世纪中开始，影院中位置最高也最便宜的座位被称为 gallery（楼座，楼上旁听席），也就是观众中最不文雅的一群人的座位。因此，为这样一群坐在楼座位置的人演出就带有了讨好大众低俗口味的意味。

例句：Every producer and director has played to the gallery and used 'sex appeal' to sell their product albeit in their own ways.

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那个 fat lady sings（曲终人散，直译为胖女人唱歌）表示什么事情结束？

fat lady sings 短语释义为 used to convey that there is still time for a situation to change，用于向某人表示还有时间让情况发生改变。短语可能是源于悲剧歌剧中最终的咏叹调。迄今为止发现的最早的例子是1976年对一场篮球比赛的报道：“The opera ain't over till the fat lady sings.”（直到胖女人唱歌了，歌剧才算结束。）当然了，歌剧中很多时候都会有一个重量级的女高音出场唱一首著名的咏叹调结束演出。

例句：it isn't over till the fat lady sings.

为什么我们会称小流氓为 yobs（小混混）？

yob 在英式英语中释义为 a rude, noisy, and aggressive youth，指代粗鲁、吵闹且好生事端的年轻人。这是一个“倒读俚语”的例子——一种反向拼写的词组成的俚语，就像其他人无法理解的代码。Yob 就是 boy 的反向拼写。

例句：The brothers were described as yobs and louts by the judge in the Damilola trial.

by the skin of my teeth（死里逃生；虎口脱险，直译为牙齿的表层）从何而来？

by the skin of my teeth 短语释义为 by a very narrow margin; only just，意指险些或者几乎没能，通常指的是从灾难中死里逃生。这个短语出自《圣经》中《约伯记》，约伯抵挡住了撒旦种种可怕的试炼，最终被上帝解救。后来人们对原句的不准确引用形成这个短语，原句出处 Job 19:20：My bone cleaveth to my skin, and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth。

例句：Well, I think they got out of this by the skin of their teeth from their point of view.

bankrupt（破产）一词真的是指一家银行的倒闭吗？

bankrupt 单词释义为 (Of a person or organization) declared in law as unable to pay their debts，指某人或组织在法律上宣布无法偿付其负债。这个单词是否真如字面意思，源于银行的倒闭呢？虽不尽然，但这个想法的方向基本上是对的。16世纪的时候，放贷者或者商人都是坐在室外的长椅子上做生意的。意大利语常常把长椅子叫做 banca，也就是今天说的“银行”。一个 banca rotta 就成了“破椅子”。

例句：But there will be tough new measures for the minority of bankrupts who take advantage of their creditors.

为什么说法语、西班牙语和意大利语被认为是 romance languages（浪漫的语言）？

roman languages（浪漫的语言）的故事，从历史上看，romance 就是 Rome（罗马）的意思。随着罗马帝国的解体，拉丁词汇 romanticus 与那些古罗马拉丁语中发展出来的语言联系了起来。

romanticus 被收录进古法语，变成了 romanz，指的是本地语言讲述的故事，与 latinus意思相反。因为这些故事很多讲述的都是勇敢的骑士解救纯情少女的侠义故事，结果都是不可避免地坠入爱河，romance 和 romantic 就演变成我们今天所说的意思。

短语 in a nutshell（简而言之，直译为放在坚果壳子里）从何而来？

in a nutshell 短语释义为 in the fewest possible words，即用最少的文字。这个短语用在我们想要用一个简洁的方式总结什么东西的时候，来自于一个古老的故事。罗马学者普林尼描述道，哲学家西塞罗目睹了荷马史诗《伊利亚特》被誊写在了一张羊皮纸上，而这张羊皮纸小到可以塞进一个核桃壳里。

例句：And this, in a nutshell, is the story of Portuguese wine over the past 20 years.

apple of discord （“不和的种子，直译为不和的苹果”）这个短语出自哪里？

apple of discord 短语释义为 a cause or subject of strife or dissension，还写作 apple of contention（争执的苹果）或 apple of dissension（纠纷的苹果）等，指引起争斗和倾轧的原因或事物。根据《牛津英语大辞典》（OED），这个短语暗指的是厄里斯——不和女神，她在珀琉斯和忒提斯的婚礼上丢下了一个刻着“献给最美的人”的金苹果，从而引发了女神赫拉、雅典娜和阿佛洛狄忒之间的纠纷。

例句：[The Italo-French problem] has manifested itself in street demonstrations, in riots, in the hateful Garibaldi affair and now extends to Albania, the old apple of discord.

the greatest (best) thing since sliced bread（有史以来最好的，直译为自切片面包以来最伟大的）是如何出现的？

be the best (or greatest) thing since sliced bread 释义为 be very good，在非正式场合下表示有史以来最好的。虽然20世纪早期美国工程师奥托·罗韦德尔发明了面包切片机（bread slicer），但直到20世纪60年代这个表述才广泛起来。该短语广泛流行开来是在经济大萧条时期，受切片面包这一发明的影响而产生。

例句：That's not to say there isn't a market there, rather that we haven't been convinced it's quite the next best thing since sliced bread.

Game of Thrones Season 6: Long-Scattered Characters Reunited

第六季预测：史塔克家族重聚

（选自《英语世界》2016年第1期）

文/乔安娜·罗宾逊   译/凌云

By Joanna Robinson

Set images from Game of Thrones Season 6 have started to float around on the Internet. And despite the fact that book readers don't know ex­actly what's coming, we're still able to use some book knowledge to make an educated guess or two.

《权力的游戏》第六季的片场照已经开始在网上散播。尽管原著读者们不清楚下面剧情的确切走向，我们还是可以通过书中的部分情节，做出合理的猜测。

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Recently an image of Kit Har­ington in Stark armor leaked online, seeming to confirm the previous rumor that Lord Commander Snow was going to lay down his blacks in order to lead a northern rebellion against the nasty Boltons and take back Winterfell. Well, that was not the only battle photo that has leaked. Here's one that went up on Imgur that, at first glance, doesn't seem all that exciting.

最近，一张基特·哈灵顿身穿史塔克家族铠甲的照片在网上流出，看来证实了此前的传闻，守夜人总司令雪诺将脱下黑袍，率领北境大军对抗卑劣的波顿家族，夺回临冬城。不过，曝光的不仅只有这张战斗场面的照片。还有张照片出现在Imgur网站上，乍看起来，似乎不怎么令人激动。

That's just a bunch of mud and straw and banners and the backs of men you don't recognize. The key, though, is the banners. It's pretty easy to identify a few sigils including the direwolf of House Stark, the bear of House Mormont, and, as Watchers on the Wall[1] discovered, the brown moose of House Hornwood. Now you're for­given if the name Hornwood doesn't exactly send a chill down your spine. And even though I'm pretty excited to meet the young girl in charge of House Mormont[2] after the sassy letter she sent Stannis last season...

这张照片上只有一堆泥土、稻草、旗帜和你认不出的一些男人的背影。不过，关键是那些旗帜，很容易就能从上面辨认出几个家族族徽，包括史塔克家族的冰原狼、莫尔蒙家族的熊，根据粉丝社区“长城守望”的新发现，还有霍伍德家族的褐色驼鹿。如果霍伍德这个姓氏没有让你感到不寒而栗的话，那也情有可原。虽然我很高兴看到执掌莫尔蒙家族的小姑娘，她在上一季给史坦尼斯送来了那封无礼的信……

[1]《权力的游戏》及其原著《冰与火之歌》的粉丝们发布相关新闻和评论的在线交流社区。

[2] 指熊岛（Bear Island）统治者梅姬·莫尔蒙（MaegeMormont）夫人最小的女儿莱安娜·莫尔蒙（Lyanna Mormont），现在大概10 岁。当史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩写信给北境诸侯们，希望他们臣服于自己时，莱安娜回信拒绝了，并表示莫尔蒙家族只会臣服于史塔克家族。

...none of the newcomers are the Northerners we're looking for. The key to this plot, actually, is in that let­ter from young Lyanna Mormont. The northern armies wouldn't fight for Stannis because he was an interloper. They will, however, fight for a Stark, and luckily enough, there are several Starks on hand. First of all, Rickon, a.k.a. the littlest Stark, has been holed up north with House Umber since Sea­son 3. We know actor Art Parkinson has been spotted around the Game of Thrones set so it's possible the north­ern troops are rallying around him.

……新登场的角色没有一个是我们正在寻找的北境人。实际上，这个情节的关键在于年幼的莱安娜·莫尔蒙送来的那封信。北境军队不会为了史坦尼斯战斗，因为他是个入侵者。不过他们会为史塔克家族而战，而幸运的是，有几位史塔克家族的成员即将现身。首先是史塔克家族的小儿子瑞肯，他从第三季以来一直藏身在北境的安柏家族。我们都知道，饰演瑞肯的阿特·帕金森被人拍到出现在《权力的游戏》拍摄现场附近，所以北境军队可能会团结在他的周围。

But, with apologies to Rickon, there's an even better Stark leader hanging out up north. That's right, Littlefinger's dark and calculating ap­prentice: Sansa Stark. If she and Theon are smart they will hightail it north as fast as their hobbled ankles[3] can carry them. Theon won't be all that welcome, but Sansa is likely headed for a touching reconciliation with her brother. That will be the first time two members of the Stark family have been reunited since they all scattered way back in Season 1. Brace yourselves: tears set to the House Stark theme are coming.

不过，要向瑞肯说声抱歉，还有一位更出色的史塔克家族领袖也在北境逗留。没错，她就是小指头深藏不露、精于算计的徒弟珊莎·史塔克。如果她和席恩足够聪明的话，他们应迈开蹒跚的脚步，尽快向北境逃亡。席恩不见得会受到欢迎，但可能会上演珊莎与弟弟重归于好的感人场面。这将是史塔克一家在第一季四散分离后，两位家族成员首次重逢。做好准备：史塔克家族主题曲一定会让你感动得落泪。

[3] 第五季结尾，珊莎和席恩一起跳下临冬城（Winterfell）的城墙逃跑。

Then, of course, there's Jon Snow. Or should we be prepared to finally call him Jon Stark? Jon Targaryen? Given the Ned Stark-themed flashbacks that are planned for Season 6, we're likely finally about to have the truth about poor Jon's parentage. If that truth is what makes him slip on this Stark armor in place of his Night's Watch blacks, then maybe Rickon has some competition for King in the North.

当然，还有琼恩·雪诺。或者，我们应该作好准备，终于可以叫他琼恩·史塔克了？要不就是琼恩·坦格利安？考虑到剧组计划为第六季拍摄以奈德·史塔克为主题的倒序片段，我们终于有望弄清楚可怜的琼恩的身世真相。如果这个真相是导致他脱去守夜人黑袍、穿上史塔克家族铠甲的原因，那么想要成为北境之王的瑞肯也许会面临一些竞争。

However many Starks and dire-wolves it takes, the North seems to be united here in its hatred of the Boltons, and if Jon is involved, it's possible he'll even have the Wildlings on his side. Watchers on the Wall reports that this battle will take place in Episode 9 and that members of the production crew are jokingly calling it the “Battle of Six Armies”—one-upping[4] the mas­sive skirmish and cumbersome subtitle that closed out Peter Jackson's Hobbit trilogy.

无论史塔克家族成员和冰原狼有多少能够重聚，北境似乎会出于对波顿家族的仇恨团结起来，如果琼恩参与进来，他甚至可能得到野人的支持。根据“长城守望”的报告，这场大战将安排在第9集，被主创人员戏称为“六军之战”——这将胜于彼得·杰克逊执导的《霍比特人》三部曲的收官之作，该剧集展现了大规模遭遇战场面，字幕冗长。

[4] [口]胜人一筹，优于。

And while big battles can be in­teresting, it's the personal investment here that should make Season 6, Epi­sode 9 so compelling for fans of Game of Thrones. The long-suffering separa­tion and near misses of the Starks is almost laughably tragic at this point.

大战役当然引人入胜，但个人际遇才是第六季第9集让《权力的游戏》剧迷真正倍感震撼之处。史塔克一家饱受离别之苦，多少次彼此擦肩而过，在这团聚的一刻，过往那些经历悲催得几近荒唐可笑。

But with Rickon, Sansa, Jon, and maybe even Bran both potentially in one place for the first time since the pilot and united under the flag of their father (uncle?[5]) ... well, I'd hate to be the Boltons. ■

不过，自这部电视剧试播以来，瑞肯、珊莎、琼恩甚或布兰可能首次出现在同一个地方，团聚在他们父亲（或是舅舅？）的旗帜下……哎呦，我可不想成为波顿家族的人。□

[5]琼恩·雪诺的身世一直是个谜。有一种推测认为他的父亲是坦格利安家族雷加王子（Rhaegar Targaryen），母亲是艾德·史塔克（Eddard Stark）的妹妹莱安娜·史塔克（LyannaStark）。

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